Bulgaria — Montenegro — Ireland — France — Belarus — Ukraine — Australia — Norway — Sweden — Finland — Lithuania — Germany — Slovenia — Croatia — Iceland — Bosnia and Herzegovina — You have to know what rakija is and you have to know the way to drink it. Due to the military history of the region, costumes can vary from civilian to military-wear. Because of the ruralness of the area and the prevalence of sheep, wool is spun and dyed usually pink, black, yellow and inexperienced and fur coats and capes are frequent due to the chilly winter weather.
Coats worn over them are usually short and long-sleeved or lengthy, sleeveless ones. The anti-fascist communist-led Partisan motion, primarily based on pan-Yugoslav ideology, emerged in early , beneath the command of Croatian-born Josip Broz Tito, spreading quickly into many elements of Yugoslavia. The 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment, typically hailed as the primary armed anti-fascist resistance unit in occupied Europe, was shaped in Croatia, in the Brezovica Forest close to the city of Sisak.
As the motion started to gain recognition, the Partisans gained energy from Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, Slovenes, and Macedonians who believed in a unified, however federal, Yugoslav state. Croatian traditional food varies lots from one to another Croatian area.
And while there are some dishes you may find throughout Croatia Hello sarma! Because, Croatian food has been influenced by tastes and traditions from neighboring international locations, and different nations that ruled Croatian territory all through historical past. Tradition performs a huge position in Croatian society, individuals maintain on to familial and folk roots that may have been misplaced elsewhere.
However, it is rather much appreciated when individuals make an effort to say one thing in Croatian. Daylight saving comes into effect on the last Sunday in March, when clocks are turned ahead an hour. Because height in the Dinaric Alps peaks behind mountain ranges which historically served as a barrier to genetic flow, the gradient in height could be explained by the increasing proportion of admixture from continental Europe. Because we observe a 5—6 cm difference between the central and outer parts of the Dinaric Alps, it is possible that genetics could completely outweigh the role of social, economic and other environmental factors.
Considering that the quality of nutrition in Albania appears to be similar to that of BiH, Croatia, or Serbia, it is possible that the much higher Neolithic admixture, combined with 2—3 times higher infant mortality, could explain why the height of contemporary Albanian men is an anomaly in the Dinaric context—only The strikingly taller statures of Kosovar men are thus surprising.
At the moment, we can say that the predicted genetic height of Albanians is really markedly lower than that of Croats, but it is simultaneously also much higher than e.
In fact, our research covered six out of the seven Dalmatian towns measured in Pineau et al. At the best case, our weighted mean of four Dalmatian counties The same applies to our female samples from schools in five Dalmatian towns The reasons of this discrepancy are not entirely clear. Although some data in Pineau et al. Either way, recent evidence shows that height in Croatia has really been stagnating or even decreasing during the last two decades. However, studies of the Institute for Anthropological Research between — showed a significant decrease from Although these two institutions apparently targeted different types of schools and the latter surveys were less representative, it is clear that no increase of height has occurred in Zagreb since This development can be connected with the dramatic decline of the economy in the early s, which recovered as late as during the s.
Pooled means of 18 and year olds. Still, if we are to believe results of nationwide surveys, the mean height of year olds in Croatia has increased by 2. Historical data show that between — years , the average Croat male has grown by 15 cm from Based on the information listed by Coon , p. According to the records of Austrian—Hungarian recruits around the year Komlos, , young men from the town of Zadar Zara were the tallest in the whole empire at Historical information from other regions of the Adriatic area is scarcer.
As already mentioned, the most recent nationwide survey comparable with the dimension of our work was conducted in — Prebeg, Another nationwide survey was performed in —, but was limited to a mere four areas Prebeg, They show that in —, the mean height of year olds in Split was cm in boys and cm in girls. In , it reached On the other hand, our mean of Croatian boys from Split schools is again the same as in This would mean that economic disturbances in the country have affected even Dalmatia since — In any case, the available data show that current male height in Adriatic Croatia is not higher than in the early s.
In summary, the data presented in our article demonstrate that people from Dalmatia currently belong to the tallest in the world, and local young men are even the tallest in the age category of 18 years. However, this phenomenon is limited only to the territory of Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro.
Other regions of Croatia are characterized by a much shorter stature and these large regional differences have persisted at least since the end of the 19th century. Because we are not aware of any environmental factor that could be responsible for these geographical trends, specific genetic predispositions shared by these populations are the most likely explanation. In the near future, the mutual relationship between genetic and environmental factors will hopefully be illuminated in detail, but such a research project would require targeting the whole core area of the Dinaric Alps.
Another fundamental finding is the fact that the secular height trend in Croatia has been negatively influenced by the economic depression in the s. The onset of the economic crisis in further delayed a marked improvement in living standards. However, because the quality of nutrition in Croatia is still below the European standards, a further continuation of the positive height trend is possible. Information on body proportions relatively long legs and rather short arm span can further help in identifying sports that would be most suitable for the Dinaric body type.
A more intensive focus of the local governments on the nutritional and health status of the young generation should subsequently pay off richly in the form of international sports prestige. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests The authors declare there are no competing interests. Stipan Prce performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper.
Jan Cacek conceived and designed the experiments. Human Ethics The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals i. The Ethics committee assessed the project and found no contradictions with applicable rules, regulations and international guidelines for biomedical research involving human participants.
Before the measurements, the examined students were acquainted with the objectives of this project and its ethical issues, and signed an informed consent. Data Availability The following information was supplied regarding data availability:. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List PeerJ v. Published online Apr Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Pavel Grasgruber: zc. Received Oct 30; Accepted Feb This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Supplemental Information 2: Supplemental dataset. Supplemental Information 3: Questionnaire. Abstract The aim of this anthropometric survey was to map regional differences in height and body proportions in eight counties adjacent to the Adriatic coast of Croatia.
Introduction Our previous study dealing with the stature of young males in Bosnia and Herzegovina BiH Grasgruber et al. Methods The research on the Adriatic coast of Croatia is a part of a larger anthropological project started in collaboration with the University of Montenegro in Open in a separate window.
Figure 1. Data collection The research was performed between April —May Results Altogether, the research included measurements of body height in 2, individuals 1, males and females at 66 high schools in 23 towns.
Male height The mean height of 1, males residing in the eight examined counties was Figure 2. Geographical variation in male height At first glance, the north-to-south trend of increasing height on both sides of the Croatian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian border is strikingly similar Fig.
Figure 3. Regional means of male height on the Adriatic coast of Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including mean male height in individual towns. Table 3 Mean male and female height in 14 individual towns according to the self-reported place of residence. Only towns with at least 20 measured individuals are included. Linear mixed effect model of geographical and socioeconomic variables Because some categories in our dataset e.
Table 4 Linear mixed effect model of five geographical and socioeconomic variables in which attended school and the place of residence were selected as random effects a sample of 1, males for which all data were available.
Individual counties are ranked according to the latitude of their capitals. Significant differences between regions are highlighted in orange. Level of significance:. Female height The mean height of girls from 28 schools was Relationship between male and female height The sex difference in mean height in our study is unusually high, reaching Table 7 Differences in the mean height of males and females on the territory of the Dinaric Alps. Body proportions Information on body proportions is available for only boys.
Table 8 Mean height and body proportions in males on the Adriatic coast of Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the self-reported place of residence. Parental education Similar to our previous study in BiH, we collected information on parental education. Types of school As expected, high schoolers attending elite schools gymnazije tended to be taller, and males from the tallest county Split-Dalmacija reached Urban vs.
Nutrition The Croatian Bureau of Statistics was not able to provide any data on the regional food production or consumption, and hence our nutritional analysis depends only on crude national statistics of food supply from the FAOSTAT database. Figure 4. Mean daily protein intake supply from major protein sources in Croatia between — Figure 5. Figure 6. Discussion To our knowledge, this study constitutes the most detailed report on the regional differences in stature on the Adriatic coast of Croatia that has been published since the end of the 19th century.
Figure 7. Regional means of male height on the Adriatic coast of Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the self-reported place of residence projected against the physical map of the Western Balkans. Figure 8. Development of the secular trend in the city of Zagreb between — Conclusion In summary, the data presented in our article demonstrate that people from Dalmatia currently belong to the tallest in the world, and local young men are even the tallest in the age category of 18 years.
Supplemental Information Supplemental Information 1 Supplemental tables and figures: Click here for additional data file. Supplemental Information 2 Supplemental dataset: Click here for additional data file.
Supplemental Information 3 Questionnaire: Click here for additional data file. Additional Information and Declarations Competing Interests The authors declare there are no competing interests. Applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport. Human Kinetics; Champaign: Polygenic adaptation has impacted multiple anthropometric traits. Bogin et al. Rapid change in height and body proportions of Maya American children.
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