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With returns from improvements in battery cathode performance beginning to taper, Berdichevsky began to consider the next bottleneck—the poor energy density of the traditional graphite anode. Tens of start-ups and established materials firms eventually began asking the same question. Many came to the same conclusion as Berdichevsky: that silicon or lithium would be ideal as an anode material. Related: Lithium-Sulfur Battery Boost. The catch is that the anode also absorbs a large number of lithium ions during charging.
Substantial business challenges lie ahead, not least a potential intellectual property showdown because so many companies are developing technologies in such a narrow field.
Anode material developers are well aware that the market potential is big and getting bigger as lithium-ion battery use grows in portable devices, electric cars, and grid energy storage. For Berdichevsky, especially, the journey to an improved anode has been long. He left Tesla in to return to school at Stanford University, earning an MS in energy-dense anode materials. Sila is taking a different approach. The composite is porous but encapsulated with a sealed outer layer that prevents electrolyte penetration into the composite, protecting it from damage during charge and discharge.
The composite is contained in a porous scaffold structure so it is able to expand and contract without puncturing the coating, Berdichevsky says. Sila expects its anode materials to be used in batteries for portable devices sometime this year. Along with other anode material developers, Sila has an eye on the ballooning auto battery market. The firm has a partnership with the German carmaker BMW, which is investing heavily in electric cars.
Berdichevsky is targeting large sales volumes starting in the mids. For Nexeon, an Abingdon, England—based silicon anode material start-up, the race to commercialization is more akin to a marathon than a sprint. Silicon-based anodes offer more energy density than graphite and more stability than lithium.
Source: Prog. But Nexeon has taken the lessons learned from that experience and bounced back, Chief Engineer Bill Macklin says. Nexeon is developing two anode materials. Nexeon is a year into a 3-year project to develop NSP-2 in association with specialty chemical firm Synthomer and University College London. The idea is that, by the end of the project, you have customer validation, scale, demonstrated performance, and intellectual property, Macklin says.
Wacker Chemie, which holds an option to take a minority stake in Nexeon , is commercializing its own silicon anode material in lithium-ion button batteries that will debut later this year.
The company is developing a series of strategies to increase energy density, including coatings to protect silicon against swelling and contraction.
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